Is toxaphene still used?

Toxaphene is still used in countries outside the United States but much of this usage has been undocumented. Between 1970 and 1995, global usage of toxaphene was estimated to be 670 million kilograms (1.5 billion pounds).

What pesticide is banned in Florida?

aldicarb
Florida agriculture officials ban citrus pesticide approved near end of Trump administration. Florida agriculture officials on Wednesday announced that the insecticide aldicarb — approved in January by the administration of President Donald Trump for use on citrus — will remain banned in Florida.

How does toxaphene affect the environment?

Toxaphene can enter waterbodies from soil runoff and can also volatilize and be transported to waterbodies via the atmosphere. Toxaphene absorbed by organisms accumulates in fatty tissues and has been shown to affect the central nervous system and the liver.

What species does toxaphene target?

Toxaphene increases the hepatic metabolism of estradiol and estrone in rats, thus reducing their effects on the reproductive cycle.

Who manufactured toxaphene?

Hercules Incorporated
All registered uses were banned in 1990 (EPA 1990b), and existing stocks of the pesticide were not allowed to be sold or used in the United States after March 1, 1990 (USDA 1995). In 1976, toxaphene was produced primarily by Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington, Delaware (Penumarthy et al. 1976).

What is toxaphene found in?

Toxaphene is more likely found in air, soil, and sediment at the bottom of lakes or streams, than in surface water.

Why was aldicarb banned?

“Aldicarb is one of the most dangerous neurotoxic chemicals found anywhere in the world, so toxic it was banned in the U.S. and more than 100 other countries and is one of the few pesticides classified as “extremely hazardous” by the World Health Organization.

How is toxaphene used?

Toxaphene was one of the most heavily used pesticides in the United States in the 1970s and early 1980s. It was used primarily to control insect pests on cotton and other crops in the southern United States. Other uses included controlling insect pests on livestock and killing unwanted fish in lakes.

How can toxaphene harm humans?

Chronic (long- term) inhalation exposure to toxaphene in humans results in reversible respiratory toxicity, while chronic, oral exposure in animals has resulted in effects on the liver, kidney, spleen, adrenal and thyroid glands, CNS, and the immune system.

What elements are in toxaphene?

Toxaphene, which contains 67–69 percent chlorine, is insoluble in water but highly soluble in several organic solvents; under the influence of light, heat, or strong alkalies, it decomposes, forming hydrogen chloride and losing its toxicity to insects.

What type of toxin is toxaphene?

Toxaphene is an organochlorine insecticide that is similar to other compounds such as endrin, dieldrin, aldrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), lindane, and chlordecone. Manufacturing of toxaphene was started in the 1940s and was highly effective on cotton and certain food crops.

What is toxaphene pesticide?

Toxaphene was one of the most heavily used pesticides in the United States in the 1970s and early 1980s. It was used primarily to control insect pests on cotton and other crops in the southern United States.

What does toxaphene smell like?

Toxaphene is a yellow-to-amber, waxy solid that smells like turpentine. The odor threshold for toxaphene is 0.14 parts per million (ppm). , and it has a molecular weight (average) of 414 g/mol.

What are the long term effects of toxaphene toxicity?

Chronic (long-term) inhalation exposure to toxaphene in humans results in reversible respiratory toxicity, while chronic, oral exposure in animals has resulted in effects on the liver, kidney, spleen, adrenal and thyroid glands, CNS, and the immune system.